BorneoAkademika eJurnal

ABSTRACT
Biomethane is a non-renewable energy source that can be produced through the decomposition of biomass. Biomethane has comparable properties to natural gas and, thus, can be transported and stored in the available facilities and infrastructure. Currently, anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most favourable techniques that can be used to recover biomethane, as it is a simple and low-cost technology. Protein-rich food waste (PRFW) is one of the food waste compositions that is produced abundantly, and pond sludge (PS) is made of organic materials that enter the ponds, and sink to the bottom, and decompose. Both are claimed to contain high carbon values. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the physical and biological properties of both substrates and identify the biomethane recovery value through single and mixed digestion. The AD process was performed at mesophilic conditions 35oC (±1) and a pH range of 6.8 to 7.2 for 30 days. The TS values for PRFW and PS were 34.16% (± 0.08) and 40.23% (± 0.06), respectively. While the VS values for PRFW and PS were 88.56% (± 0.04) and 84.30% (± 0.06), respectively. Both substrates also show the availability of facultative anaerobic bacteria (FAB). Hence, this shows the suitability of both substrates to undergo the AD process. Results for biomethane recovery found that mixing digestion between PRFW and PS recovered the highest amount of biomethane with 120.3 mL (±0.05), and the optimum time for digestion was on day 18. While single digestion of PS and PRFW recovered biomethane with 95.0 mL (±0.12) and 79.3 mL (±0.21) on day 21 respectively. The better synergistic effect within FAB in mixing substrates eventually influences the highest biomethane removal from the substrate in a short period of time. Moreover, this study also provides information on new strategies for recovering biomethane.
Keyword(s) : Biomethane recovery; Total Solid, Volatile Solid; Protein-Rich Food Waste; Pond Sludge
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This past decade marks a significant growth of dark tourism with an increasing number of dark tourists. In Malaysia, despite the seemingly enormous potential of developing dark tourism in the country, dark tourism sites in Malaysia are not globally recognized yet and cannot attract international tourists. Against this backdrop, this study aimed to analyze the market potential of dark tourism in Malaysia. Specifically, the study's objectives were i) to examine the locals’ general understanding of dark tourism in Malaysia and ii) to analyze the locals' acceptance and perception of the market potential of dark tourism in Malaysia. The research was a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The research instrument was an online survey posted on such platforms as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram. Three hundred fiftysix survey responses were used for descriptive analysis (frequencies, means, and standard deviations). The study’s key findings reveal that while local Malaysians may have previously heard about dark tourism, they lack a conceptual grasp of the phenomenon; that is, they primarily associate dark tourism with supernaturalism and entertainment and not the other more purposeful aspects of dark tourism (i.e., education, patriotism, commemoration, and spirituality). Moreover, local Malaysians may have an enthusiastic acceptance of dark tourism and a positive outlook on the potential of developing and promoting this niche tourism in Malaysia as long as dark tourism serves economic, entertainment, and educational purposes. The study was particularly significant from a managerial perspective because its findings could be beneficial for tourism developers and operators to understand the marketability of dark tourism in Malaysia and, subsequently, assist them in developing appropriate and innovative tourism products that tap into this market potential. The study ended with an acknowledgment of the study's limitations and a suggestion for future research.
Keyword(s) : dark tourism; acceptance; market potential; local perceptive; Malaysia
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Recognition of identity for Sabah and Sarawak through guarantees, protection, and special positions in the Federal Constitution has been ongoing for almost six decades. The asymmetrical constitution, established with the freedom of autonomy granted to Sabah and Sarawak within the framework of the federal state, is simply referred to as ethnofederalism. Therefore, this article revisits ethnofederalism in Sabah and Sarawak within the Malaysian Federation. To be more specific, it attempts to analyze the sustainability of Sabah and Sarawak within the ethnofederal framework from the perspectives of application, limitations, and their implications within the Malaysian Federation. Utilizing a qualitative research design through primary and secondary data collection methods, along with content analysis, this article argues that the practice of ethnofederalism in Sabah and Sarawak faces several limitations. This subsequently creates implications that tend to raise concerns among the local communities and leadership regarding the future of these regions within the Malaysian Federation. In conclusion, despite the existence of concerns, this article concludes that these issues do not reach a level that could jeopardize stability and loosen the unity of the federation.
Keyword(s) : autonomy; ethnofederalism; Sabah; Sarawak; Malaysian Federation
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Pengiktirafan identiti kepada Sabah dan Sarawak melalui jaminan, perlindungan dan kedudukan istimewa di dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan telah berlangsung hampir lebih enam dekad. Perlembagaan asimetri yang ditubuhkan dengan kebebasan autonomi yang diberikan kepada Sabah dan Sarawak dalam kerangka negara persekutuan secara sederhana dirujuk sebagai etnofederalisme. Maka, artikel ini mengimbas etnofederalisme Sabah dan Sarawak dalam Persekutuan Malaysia. Untuk lebih spesifik, ia cuba menganalisis kelangsungan Sabah dan Sarawak dalam kerangka etnofederalisme dari sudut aplikasi, limitasi dan implikasinya dalam Persekutuan Malaysia. Dengan menggunakan reka bentuk penyelidikan kualitatif melalui kaedah pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder, di samping kaedah analisis kandungan, artikel ini berhujah bahawa praktis etnofederalisme Sabah dan Sarawak berhadapan dengan beberapa limitasi. Hal ini kemudiannya mewujudkan implikasi yang cenderung mencetuskan kebimbangan masyarakat dan pimpinan lokal berkenaan masa hadapan wilayah tersebut dalam Persekutuan Malaysia. Di akhir perbincangan, artikel ini merumuskan walaupun wujudnya kekhuatiran, namun hal ini tidaklah ke tahap yang boleh menggugat kestabilan dan melonggarkan kesepaduan persekutuan.
Kata Kunci : autonomi; etnofederalisme; Sabah; Sarawak; Persekutuan Malaysia
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The Islamic education revolution in the 21st century requires the integration of creativity in the teaching of Sirah and Islamic Civilization to remain relevant in attracting the interest of today’s digital generation of students. This study aims to examine the level of creativity practice in Islamic education teaching, specifically in the field of Sirah and Islamic Civilization. Through a quantitative approach with a survey design, this study involved the participation of 266 Islamic education teachers from daily secondary schools in Sabah. Data were collected using a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive and inferential methods using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26. The results showed a high level of creative teaching practice in all components evaluated, including creative teaching planning, strategies and methods of creative teaching, creative teaching delivery, and comprehensive assessment. The findings also showed the dedication of teachers in integrating creative teaching practices without significant differences based on teaching experience. Based on the results, it is suggested that improvements in technology infrastructure, training, and support from management are needed to further enhance creative teaching practices. This gives a positive picture of the efforts to improve the quality of Islamic education through a creative approach, paving the way for curriculum and teaching methodology improvements that can meet the needs of the current digital generation.
Keyword(s) : Islamic Education; Teaching Creativity; Sirah and Islamic Civilization; Digital Generation
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Revolusi pendidikan Islam abad ke-21 memerlukan integrasi kreativiti dalam pengajaran Sirah dan Tamadun Islam agar kekal relevan dalam menarik minat generasi pelajar digital kini. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tahap amalan kreativiti dalam pengajaran Pendidikan Islam, khususnya bidang Sirah dan Tamadun Islam. Melalui pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk tinjauan, kajian ini melibatkan penyertaan 266 guru Pendidikan Islam dari sekolah menengah harian di negeri Sabah. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan borang soal selidik berdasarkan skala Likert lima mata dan dianalisis melalui kaedah deskriptif dan inferensi menggunakan IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences versi 26. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap amalan kreativiti pengajaran yang tinggi dalam semua komponen yang dinilai, termasuk perancangan pengajaran kreatif, strategi dan kaedah pengajaran kreatif, penyampaian pengajaran kreatif, dan penilaian komprehensif. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan dedikasi guru dalam mengintegrasikan amalan kreativiti pengajaran tanpa perbezaan yang signifikan berdasarkan pengalaman mengajar. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, disarankan penambahbaikan infrastruktur teknologi, latihan, dan sokongan dari pihak pengurusan untuk meningkatkan lagi amalan kreativiti pengajaran. Ini memberi gambaran positif tentang usaha meningkatkan kualiti pendidikan Islam melalui pendekatan kreatif, membuka jalan bagi penambahbaikan kurikulum dan metodologi pengajaran yang dapat memenuhi keperluan generasi digital masa kini.
Kata Kunci : Pendidikan Islam; Kreativiti Pengajaran; Sirah dan Tamadun Islam; Generasi Digital
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This paper reports the findings of a study on the application of the principle of restitutio in integrum as a form of statutory remedy for void contracts involving minors. Within the Common Law legal system in Malaysia, England and Wales, the legal capacity to enter into a contract has been codified as one of the elements of a valid contract. Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950 (Act 136) (CA 1950) explicitly requires age of majority as one of the conditions of a competent person, whereby the legal effect of contracts with minors is void. The research problem stems from the apparent lack of legislative protection for adults who fairly entered into contracts with minors under the CA 1950. While restitution resulting from a void contract can be sought under section 66 of the CA 1950, the relief under the section can only be invoked if the agreement is “discovered to be void”. The research endeavours to overcome the unfairness suffered by the adult contracting party through the legislative reform of restitution in contracts involving minors. To achieve this aim, the research conducted a comparative legal analysis of the legislation on contracts entered into by minors between Malaysia, England and Wales. The samples for analysis are the Minors’ Contracts Act 1987 (MCA 1987), case law, textbooks, journal articles, and scholarly writings related to this area. The primary and secondary legal resources were analysed using doctrinal and content analysis to compare the legal position on restitution in a minor’s contract between both jurisdictions. The research proposed that section 66 of the CA 1950 is amended by taking into account section 3 of the MCA 1987, which leaves the issue of restitution to the discretion of the court based on justice and fairness. It is anticipated that the amendment would protect adults who have fairly entered into agreements for non-necessaries with minors in Malaysia.
Keyword(s) : Contracts Act 1950; legal capacity; minor; void; restitution
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myGAP stands as a beacon of excellence in agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock, symbolizing a commitment to environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social responsibility. This certification program guarantees that products meet the highest safety and quality standards. This study embarks on an exploratory journey to understand the depth of adaptation to Malaysian Good Agricultural Practices (myGAP) among the farming communities in Kelantan. The research employs a detailed quantitative methodology to achieve its objectives. The analytical framework includes descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The findings offer significant insights: a considerable proportion of Kelantan farmers deeply understand myGAP, with more than half demonstrating a strong grasp of its principles. Coupled with this awareness is a marked interest in adapting myGAP, primarily motivated by enhancing product safety and quality. However, the path to adaptation is filled with obstacles. Among the various factors considered, such as knowledge, cost constraints, and the role of extension agents, the certification process emerges as the main barrier, underscored by its significant impact. Thus, the study highlights Kelantan farmers' high level of awareness and willingness to adapt to myGAP and points out the crucial adjustments needed to facilitate this process. To enhance accessibility and reduce the complexity for farmers, streamlining the myGAP certification process is recommended. Such simplification could involve reducing paperwork, offering more explicit guidelines, and employing digital platforms to ease the application and monitoring processes.
Keyword(s) : Challenges; Farmers; Intention; Knowledge; myGAP
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The notion of "oral tradition" encompasses a dynamic and diverse medium of oral-aural communication that enables the creation, preservation, and transmission of knowledge on cultural heritage and serves to uphold linguistic diversity and cultural identity. Modernisation and higher literacy rates have decreased younger generations’ awareness of indigenous oral traditions despite their integral role in heritage preservation. Thus, this study examines Bumiputera younger generations’ familiarity and understanding of minority ethnic oral traditions in Sarawak. One pivotal objective is to safeguard the diminishing Sarawak Kenyah oral tradition, notably Ngebuyan. This supports UNESCO's SDG 11 of Sustainable Cities and Communities, which includes cultural preservation. This study employs a mixed methodology, primarily descriptive qualitative analysis. The study engaged a total of 109 participants, who are undergraduate students from UiTM Sarawak Branch, Malaysia. The findings showed that a substantial proportion, approximately 86.2%, exhibited a degree of awareness concerning oral traditions in a general context. Notably, 89% demonstrated the ability to differentiate between diverse oral tradition modes. Regrettably, a mere 33% of the respondents were actively involved in practising oral traditions. This observation indicates a gradual decline in the adoption of oral tradition practices as a result of limited participation among younger generations. Therefore, this research serves as a valuable addition to the existing literature, playing a pivotal role in facilitating intergenerational mechanisms for preserving cultural traditions and ensuring their continuous transmission throughout generations to come.
Keyword(s) : Oral tradition; Ngebuyan; bumiputera minority ethnic; cultural preservation; Kenyah.
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Reading in the 21st century is not limited to print based as new information and communication technology (ICT) media with the advancement of electronic gadgets offering numerous accessible online in electronic format. Therefore, reading habits have changed. This study explores reading habits and attitudes among undergraduate students at public universities in south Malaysia.130 respondents were chosen across different faculties majoring in Business Management, Information Management, Computer Science and Mathematics, Accountancy, and Engineering. The survey was designed in the form of a structured questionnaire and adapted from the Adult Survey of Reading Attitude (ASRA). Findings stated that students' reading habits on the spending of reading time is 1-2 hours per day and students are most likely to choose a book as their main reading, however, novels/comics and social media are included as the top three reading materials. It also shows students have a positive reading attitude with a mean score above 3.00, as they read to obtain the latest news and agree reading is the best to learn new things despite having reading anxiety. For the peer influence, 60 % agreed they exchange material with peers and the majority find the library as a place to complete assignments rather than use it as a place for leisurely reading.
Keyword(s) : Reading Behavior, Reading Habits, Reading Attitude, Reading, Reading Culture
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Water is a raw material used in various biochemical processes inside plants, making it a crucial element for plant development and growth. Understanding the appropriate amount of water consumption is vital to prevent plants from experiencing abiotic stress such as waterlogging and water stress. Leafy vegetables, such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea), require more water than other vegetables. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal amount of water necessary for sustainable spinach cultivation and to assess the effects of different irrigation regimes on spinach growth and yield. Four different irrigation treatments with four replications were applied: T0 (600 ml), T1 (700 ml), T2 (800 ml), and T3 (900 ml). Significant differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed for plant height, number of leaves, root length, soil oxygen levels, and the fresh and dry weight of spinach when irrigated with 700 ml of water (T1). The highest spinach yield (fresh weight = 9.64 g) was achieved with adequate water supply (T1), while the yield (fresh weight = 0.78 g) was lower at a higher water consumption level (T3). This suggests sustainable cultivation of spinach due to the optimal yield obtained with lower water consumption.
Keyword(s) : Irrigation regimes; spinach; sustainable cultivation; water consumption
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This study investigates the sustainability challenges confronting Nasi Kandar eateries in Penang, an integral facet of local culture and economy. It aims to comprehend the factors influencing these establishments' sustainability, spanning economic, socio-cultural, and environmental realms. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach, 15 purposively selected participants underwent in-depth interviews, with thematic analysis unveiling prevalent themes. The findings underscore the intricate nature of sustainability in Penang's Nasi Kandar scene, emphasizing aspects like cost management, staff training, technology integration, menu flexibility, sustainable practices, policy alignment, and community involvement. The research contributes a conceptual framework for addressing industry challenges, stressing holistic approaches integrating menu adaptability, sustainable practices, policy alignment, and community engagement. Practical implications provide actionable insights for restaurant owners to develop robust strategies. Nevertheless, the study recognizes the necessity for further empirical validation and deeper analysis to refine these strategies. Overall, it furnishes a thorough examination of sustainability hurdles in Penang's Nasi Kandar sector, accompanied by pragmatic measures to fortify long-term viability.
Keyword(s) : Nasi Kandar; Culinary sustainability; Phenomenology; Malaysian gastronomy; Cultural heritage
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Attracting customers to a café requires more than just offering delectable food options. Thus, the purpose of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of why youth from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sabah branch visit cafes in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The study aims to identify the five atmospheric-related factors such as facility aesthetics, lighting, ambience, spatial arrangement, and ambient intelligence that drive these visits and how these factors impact the choices and experiences of the youth. By focusing on this demographic and location, the researchers can provide valuable insights into the motivations behind café visits and potentially contribute to the cafe industry, urban planning, and marketing strategies tailored to this target audience. A quantitative method was used to distribute the online questionnaires. 230 students participated in the study. The study sheds insights into the significance of various atmosphere factors and provides valuable guidance for café owners and marketers aiming to cater to the preferences of young customers. Finally, implications for future studies are suggested.
Keyword(s) : Cafe, Atmosphere, Youth, Perception, Visit Intention
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Student challenges in learning definite integral are among one of the main issues in calculus. Several cognitive barriers have been identified that cause problems for students when learning for the first time about the single function of the integral. Theory based on radical constructivism is the central pillar in the discussion of this article, and it focuses on the sub-constructs of communication, which identify the description or interpretation essential to students in the definite integral. Students are required to communicate and interpret meaningful sentences that involve the analysis of situations in everyday life. In addition, students also need to communicate by constructing appropriate mathematical sentences according to the information given. There are two categories in communication: the ways students communicate by creating a description that involves definite integrals and how students form sentences from descriptions that involve definite integrals. A case study is the design for the study. The method of selecting respondents is through purposive sampling, which is to choose six secondsemester diploma students at technical higher education institutions in the Selangor area, especially those who follow the primary field of technical engineering. The study results show that post-secondary students' understanding of definite integrals certainly involves how they communicate with friends who cannot attend class to learn about definite integrals, which is analyzed based on three categories: mathematical language, skills, and graphics.
Keyword(s) : definite integral; clinical interview; communication; understanding; constructivism
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The rule of law is enshrined in the Malaysian National Pillars, Rukun Negara. It connotes that the rule of law is inherent and fundamental liberties are protected by the rule of law and each citizen enjoys equal treatment before the law. However, many times, the rule of law seems questionable especially in relation to Article 10(1)(a) of Freedom of Speech and Expression as there have been claims that the government has contravened the protection of the rule of law. Freedom of speech and expression is seen stifled by the existence of repressive laws such as Sedition Act 1948 (amended 2015) and Communication and Multimedia Act (CMA) 1998. The main aim of this research paper is to examine and discuss the extent to which adherence to the rule of law has been observed by the government of the day particularly in relation to Article 10(1)(a) of Freedom of Speech and Expression. Based on the legal analysis of cases charged and investigated under the Sedition and CMA Acts over the years in particular, during some political situations prior to the 2018 General Election, the rule of law in Malaysia is arguably more of a notion than it should have been a reality by virtue of several landmark cases like Param Cumaraswamy’s, Lim Guan Eng’s and Mat Shuhaimi Shafiei’s.
Keyword(s) : rule of law; freedom; expression; legislation; federal constitution
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