BorneoAkademika eJurnal

ABSTRACT
The teaching and learning of Arabic that starts as early as in primary school in Malaysia is a positive phenomenon. The appropriateness of the delivery of Arabic subjects will determine whether the objectives of Arabic education can be successfully achieved. This study aims to identify teacher delivery practices and student achievement in the subject of Arabic in primary school level one. A total of 274 students and 7 teachers were involved in this study. The survey was conducted by taking notes and taking pictures in the classroom during the teaching process. While the interview session focused on the teacher's views regarding the practice and achievement of students in the classroom. The findings of this study show that most of the teaching practices by the teachers are very good and suitable for the students' level and the use of Learning Aids (LA) in class sessions. In terms of achievement, it was found that listening and speaking skills are lower than reading and writing skills. But overall, the students' achievements are satisfactory. This study suggests that exposure to extracurricular activities can further increase motivation and strengthen students' Arabic language skills such as academic visits and Arabic language camps.
Keyword(s) : Practice; delivery; Arabic language; LA; skills.
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Pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Arab yang bermula seawal di sekolah rendah di Malaysia merupakan satu perkembangan yang positif. Kesesuaian cara penyampaian subjek bahasa Arab akan menentukan sama ada objektif pendidikan bahasa Arab dapat dicapai dengan jayanya. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti cara penyampaian guru dan pencapaian murid dalam subjek bahasa Arab di sekolah rendah tahap satu. Sebanyak 274 murid dan 7 orang guru terlibat dalam kajian ini. Tinjauan yang dijalankan dengan mencatat dan merakam gambar di dalam kelas ketika proses pengajaran berjalan. Manakala sesi temu bual memfokuskan kepada pandangan guru berkenaan amalan dan pencapaian murid di dalam kelas. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan kebanyakan amalan pengajaran oleh guru sangat baik dan sesuai dengan tahap murid-murid serta penggunaan Bahan Bantu Mengajar (BBM) dalam sesi kelas. Dari segi pencapaian pula, didapati kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur adalah lebih rendah daripada kemahiran membaca dan menulis. Namun secara keseluruhannya, pencapaian murid-murid adalah memuaskan. Kajian ini mencadangkan agar pendedahan kepada aktiviti luar darjah mampu meningkatkan lagi motivasi dan mengukuhkan kemahiran bahasa Arab murid seperti lawatan dan kem bahasa Arab.
Kata Kunci : Amalan; penyampaian; bahasa Arab; BBM; kemahiran.
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Amidst the realm of employment scenarios, there are cases where an employee’s actions caused injury to their victims. Generally, an employer may be held vicariously liable for its employee’s actions, subject to several conditions. The research found that while the concept of vicarious liability has been long recognised in Malaysia, there is still a question over the test used by the court in determining “the course of employment.” The test to determine “the course of employment” has evolved over time, transitioning from “frolic of his own” to a “close connection test,” as affirmed in GMP Kaisar Security (M) Sdn Bhd v Mohamad Amirul Amin Bin Mohamed Amir [2022] 6 MLJ 369. In this case, the Federal Court held that the employee’s shooting was closely connected to his employment, and that it would be fair and just to hold the employer vicariously liable, despite the fact that his actions may have been unauthorised by the employer. However, this flexible approach may offer limited protection to the latter. This research therefore aims to analyse the conditions for establishing vicarious liability in Malaysia, particularly the test employed by the court, to determine whether the defendant’s actions fall within the course of employment. This research adopts a doctrinal approach involving a detailed analysis of the relevant case law and scholarly writing related to this area.
Keyword(s) : employment; vicarious liability; close connection test; liable; protection
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The transition towards a greener circular economy requires policy, regulation, investment, technology, innovation, as well as behavioural changes at all levels of society. This study aims to investigate the effect of the theory of planned behaviour on recycling intentions among young people in Malaysia, as well as the relationship between regulations and policies on plastic waste recycling, plastic waste recycling infrastructure and technology, knowledge about plastic waste recycling, and intention to recycle plastic waste. An online survey was conducted on 300 participants. The sampling technique in this research uses a combination of cluster and purposive sampling techniques. Pearson correlation analysis and structured regression were used to analyse the data, which included construct reliability, validity, and hypothesis testing. The findings show that plastic waste recycling regulations and policies, plastic waste recycling infrastructure and technology, and knowledge about plastic waste recycling have a positive and significant relationship with recycling intentions. In addition, this study also found that knowledge about recycling plastic waste has the most significant influence on recycling intentions. The results of the study can be a guide for the government in designing an effective recycling campaign to promote the country's sustainability and formulate an effective strategy for supporting the objectives of the circular economy.
Keyword(s) : rules and policies for recycling plastic waste; plastic waste recycling infrastructure and technology; knowledge of plastic waste recycling; intention to recycle plastic waste; youth
ABSTRAK
Peralihan ke arah ekonomi kitaran yang lebih hijau memerlukan peraturan, dasar, pelaburan, inovasi, teknologi, dan juga perubahan tingkah laku di semua peringkat masyarakat. Kajian ini bertujuan menyiasat kesan teori tingkah laku terancang terhadap niat kitar semula golongan belia di Malaysia, serta perhubungan di antara peraturan dan dasar kitar semula sisa plastik, infrastruktur dan teknologi kitar semula sisa plastik, pengetahuan tentang kitar semula sisa plastik, dan niat kitar semula sisa plastik. Tinjauan dalam talian telah dijalankan ke atas 300 peserta. Teknik persampelan dalam penyelidikan ini menggunakan gabungan teknik persampelan kluster dan bertujuan. Analisa korelasi Pearson dan regresi berstruktur telah digunakan untuk menganalisis data, merangkumi kebolehpercayaan konstruk, kesahan, dan ujian hipotesis. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa peraturan dan dasar kitar semula sisa plastik, infrastruktur dan teknologi kitar semula sisa plastik, dan pengetahuan tentang kitar semula sisa plastik mempunyai hubungan positif dan signifikan dengan niat kitar semula. Selain itu, kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa pengetahuan tentang kitar semula sisa plastik mempunyai pengaruh yang paling signifikan dengan niat kitar semula. Hasil kajian boleh menjadi panduan untuk kerajaan dalam merangka kempen kitar semula yang berkesan bagi mempromosikan kelestarian negara dan juga membina strategi yang efektif dalam menyokong objektif ekonomi kitaran.
Kata Kunci : peraturan dan dasar kitar semula sisa plastik; infrastruktur dan teknologi kitar semula sisa plastik; pengetahuan tentang kitar semula sisa plastik; niat kitar semula sisa plastik; golongan belia
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Nurturing undergraduate student leaders has become a priority in higher learning as it is beneficial for the students, institutions, employers, and society. Even though there are numerous initiatives for developing and educating student leaders, there is a need for fundamental studies on what student leaders perceive leadership to be, and the situations in which they would view it as crucial. The purpose of this article is to share the SWOT analysis report that was used to evaluate student leadership’s internal strengths and weaknesses, together with the external opportunities and threats. Structured open-ended survey questions were given to 78 student leaders during a leadership camp from a public university in Perak, Malaysia. Qualitative content analysis concept was used for the SWOT analysis. The core premise of a SWOT analysis based on the result must be taken into account for the leaders to better formulate a successful strategy, and for the planning of direction after carefully assessing the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities.
Keyword(s) : higher learning, leadership, students’ leadership, SWOT analysis
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The transition from cash-based accounting to accrual accounting in the public sector has become a subject of growing interest globally, driven by the pursuit of improved financial transparency, accountability, and decision-making. This paper critically reviews existing literature pertaining to the challenges and success factors associated with the implementation of accrual accounting in the Malaysian public sector context. The literature review unveils a multifaceted array of challenges that hinder the seamless adoption of accrual accounting. These challenges range from the complexities of transitioning institutional structures and processes to the intricacies of aligning human resources with the demands of accrual-based financial reporting. By shedding light on the intricate dynamics of accrual accounting implementation, this paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue on strengthening financial governance, transparency, and accountability within the Malaysian public sector.
Keyword(s) : Accrual accounting, implementation challenges, success factors, Malaysian public sector, resistance to change
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This study discusses the relationship between politics and social media, especially TikTok, focusing on the young Malaysian generation. Although much research has been conducted on the dissemination of political information through platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, there is a gap regarding the role of Tik Tok. The aim is to bridge this gap and contribute to the existing literature by exploring the influence of TikTok on young voters during the 15th General Election (GE-15) in 2022. This study examines the use of Tik Tok in relation to the delivery of political information such as messages from supporters, manifestos from political parties. In addition, this study emphasizes political awareness and participation among university students. The methodology of this study involves an online survey distributed through a google form to young voters from UNITAR and UiTM JOHOR. Data collection took four weeks, with analysis performed using SPSS ver. 28. This study uses quantitative methods, focusing on descriptive analysis. The findings show that young voters are engaged in politics and the use of Tik Tok in political campaigns has a positive effect on their decisions.
Keyword(s) : Tik Tok, GE-15, young voters, social media, politics and Malaysia.
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini membincangkan hubungan antara politik dan media sosial, khususnya TikTok, memfokuskan kepada generasi muda Malaysia. Walaupun banyak penyelidikan telah dijalankan mengenai penyebaran maklumat politik melalui platform seperti Facebook dan Twitter, terdapat jurang mengenai peranan TikTok. Matlamatnya adalah untuk merapatkan jurang ini dan menyumbang kepada literatur sedia ada dengan meneroka pengaruh TikTok terhadap pengundi muda semasa Pilihan Raya Umum Ke-15 (PRU-15) pada 2022. Kajian ini mengkaji penggunaan TikTok berkaitan penyampaian maklumat politik seperti mesej dari penyokong, manifesto dari parti politik. Selain itu, kajian ini menekankan kepada kesedaran dan penyertaan politik di kalangan pelajar universiti. Metodologi kajian ini melibatkan tinjauan dalam talian yang diedarkan melalui borang google (google form) kepada pengundi muda dari UNITAR dan UiTM JOHOR. Pengumpulan data mengambil masa empat minggu, dengan analisis dilakukan menggunakan SPSS ver. 28. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif, memfokuskan kepada analisis deskriptif. Penemuan menunjukkan bahawa pengundi muda terlibat dalam politik dan penggunaan TikTok ke dalam kempen politik memberi kesan positif kepada keputusan mereka.
Kata Kunci : TikTok, PRU-15, pengundi muda, media sosial, politik dan Malaysia.
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Phosphorus (P) is considered a limited and non-renewable mineral source that is essential in our daily lives, especially for the agricultural industry to produce fertilizer. Food Waste (FW), Palm Oil Mill Effluent Sludge (POMES), and Water Treatment Sludge (WTS) are wastes that are claimed to contain nutrients such as P. One of the methods that can be used to recover P is through the Anaerobic Mesophilic Digestion (AMD) technique. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the highest P recovery and time digestion from single and mixing substrates. The physicochemical and biological properties of raw FW, POMES, and WTS were determined, and it was reported that wastes were suitable to undergo the AMD process. Mesophilic conditions 350C (±1) were used as the appropriate conditions for the anaerobic bacteria (AB) to reproduce and grow. Results for single substrates found that POMES recovered the highest P with 57.88% (±1.24), and optimum digestion was at day 12. While FW and WTS recovered P with 31.94% (±0.76) and 26.47% (±1.51), respectively, the optimum digestion times for both wastes were at days 18 (FW) and 21 (WTS), respectively, which were longer than POMES. In mixing substrates, FW-POMES contributed to the highest P recovery value with 68.34% (±1.49), and the optimum time digestion was on day 9. Followed by WTS-POME, FW-WTS, and FW-POMES-WTS with values of 60.42% (±2.12) (day 15), 48.05% (±2.51) (day 8), and 20.85% (±1.33) (day 3), respectively. The better synergetic effect within anaerobic bacteria (AB) in mixing substrates with FW-POMES could eventually influence the highest P removal from the substrate in a short period of time. Moreover, this study also provides information on new strategies used in recovering P.
Keyword(s) : Phosphorus recovery, Food Waste; Palm Oil Mill Effluent Sludge; Water Treatment Sludge; Anaerobic Mesophilic Digestion
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Hard clams constitute the genus Meretrix is one of the most demanded bivalvia species in Malaysia. However, the unknown level of heavy metal content raises concerns for the health of seafood lovers, particularly those who consume seafood from Pantai Sepat, Kuantan, Pahang. Using bivalves as bio-indicators, the objectives of this study are to determine the level of concentration of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb), and to evaluate these concentrations according to the permissible limits established by the Malaysia Food Act (1983) and Food Regulations (1985) and the World Health Organisation (1982). Before analysing the samples with Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), the collected and desiccated samples were digested with acid. The concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were determined to be 0.56 ppm, 6.76 ppm, 0.06 ppm, and 0.04 ppm, respectively. The order of metals in the collected Meretrix spp. is Zn> Cu> Cd> Pb. The concentrations of all elements present in the hard clams were assessed and found to fall within acceptable thresholds, indicating that they are suitable for consumption without posing any health risks.
Keyword(s) : heavy metal; Meretrix genus; Pantai Sepat, Pahang
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Malignant tumour cells secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins with growth factors and cytokines to promote cell motility and adhesion for metastasis. The cell-ECM adhesion sites are comprised of integrin-bound ECM proteins, which are glycoconjugates, susceptible to the aberrant glycosylation resulting in alterations of cell-ECM adhesion dynamics. Inhibition of glycosylation could decrease the rate of invasiveness in metastatic tumour cells like osteosarcoma (OS), of which the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Hence, this study aims to determine the effect of glucosidase inhibitors towards the expression of ECM proteins in metastatic OS cell lines. OS cells (MG63) were treated with 0.5 mM of 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ). Analyses such as the glycosylation assay, ECM-cell adhesion assay, scratch assay, and Western blot analysis were performed after a 24-h treatment for each respective sample. The expression level of glycosylated proteins was the highest in non-treated MG63 cells. The cell migration rate was increased in MG63 cells treated with 1-DNJ compared to the normal osteoblast cells. The cell adhesion assay results showed an increased rate of cell adhesion towards vitronectin but decreased adhesion rate towards collagen (types I, II, and IV), fibronectin, laminin, and tenascin in 1-DNJ-treated OS cells. Western blot analysis presented a high expression level of fibronectin, vitronectin, and collagen type II in both non-treated and treated groups of MG63 cells. The inhibitory effect of 1-DNJ upregulates ECM remodelling by disrupting integrin from binding to the ECM proteins, subsequently increasing the migration rate of metastatic OS cells.
Keyword(s) : Extracellular matrix protein, 1-Deoxynojirimycin, integrin glycosylation, cell adhesion rate, migration assay.
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This study focuses on the issue of public awareness of constitutional monarchy in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Public awareness of the constitutional monarchy is essential to ensure that society understands the significance of actions taken by the constitutional monarchy in Malaysia. In conducting this study, researchers used univariate analysis, covering two main variables: the roles of the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA) and the roles of the Conference of Rulers. These variables are from the Federal Constitution. The study was conducted through an online questionnaire that involved 60 respondents, who were divided into two groups: 30 Bumiputera respondents and 30 non-Bumiputera respondents. The data were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Keyword(s) : constitutional monarchy, limited monarchy, the YDPA, the Conference of Rulers, democracy
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The study aims to discover the perceived attributes, concepts, and impacts of workcation among local employees. A total of 242 study participants were chosen using purposive convenience sampling techniques. An online Google form was used to collect 150 usable responses. The data for this study were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results found travelling for official company affairs was the key attribute of workcation. Employee retention, productivity and creativity were the three most apparent perceived impacts of workcation. The workcation concept is viable for implementation by employers due to its flexibility and enhances employees’ creativity elements. The findings of this study assist local employees in understanding the attributes, concepts, and potential impact of implementing the workcation, which will be more beneficial if implemented as part of the company's work culture. Future studies can extend this research and validate the workcation concept in a different setting.
Keyword(s) : workcation, attributes, impacts, retention, productivity, creativity
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Drawing upon Aristotle’s rhetorical appeal theory, the study was conducted to compare the use of rhetorical strategies by two Malaysian politicians namely Syed Saddiq [P1] and Hannah Yeoh [P2] in their social media communication. Two research questions were formulated for the study: (a) What were the rhetorical strategies used by the two politicians? (b) Which type of rhetorical appeals were used the most among the two politicians? This study employs a qualitative content analysis approach and the data for the study were social media postings collected from the target politicians’ social media platforms (Facebook and Twitter) related to the Taman Sri Muda flood crisis dated from the 17th of December 2021 to the 10th of January 2022. The data were analysed and classified based on Aristotle’s rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos. It was found that both politicians adopted different types of rhetorical strategies depending on the message they intended to convey. Syed Saddiq [P1] used more pathos while Hannah Yeoh [P2] utilised more ethos. It can be concluded based on the findings that Syed Saddiq and Hannah Yeoh had utilised Aristotle’s rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos in their social media posts during the Taman Sri Muda flood crisis to establish their credibility as politicians, to appeal to the public’s emotion and sympathy as well as to provide evidence to back up their arguments and claims. This study contributes to the literature on persuasive strategies used by politicians and political communication.
Keyword(s) : Rhetorical appeals; communicative practices; social media interaction; ethos, pathos; logos.
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SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19, is a coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 had caught the world by surprise, resulting in millions of confirmed infected cases and 5,325,079 deaths documented worldwide. This study aims to explore the significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality rate by focusing on the number of active cases, total cases, critical cases, vaccination doses, and screening tests. Secondary data from 219 countries was retrieved from CNN Health, Worldometer, and GitHub Our World in Data, which was later analysed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that total cases and vaccination doses of COVID-19 are the significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality rate; active cases, critical cases, and screening tests were found to have insignificant relationships to COVID-19 mortality rate. This study offers further recommendations which can be accomplished using the updated data that include the patients’ common comorbidities, such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
Keyword(s) : COVID-19; mortality rate; multiple linear regression; vaccination doses
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This study examines the effect of community-based tourism in Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan, Borneo based on a new study gap variable known as value co-creation on subjective wellbeing. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in community-based tourism as a sustainable development approach that empowers local communities and fosters social responsibility. The problem statement of this study lies in the need for evaluation and understanding of the impact of community-based tourism in Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan, Borneo, on wellbeing, specifically in terms of value co-creation. Specifically, there is a need to assess how community-based tourism contributes to the overall wellbeing of the local community by examining the co-creation of values between tourists and community members. The sample size of this study consists of 284 respondents from the community at Batu Puteh Village. The research method used in this study is quantitative, which involves collecting and analyzing numerical data. Analysis using SEM Amos to examine the relationship between community-based tourism benefited the perceived costs, value co-creation, and subjective wellbeing. The findings of this study contribute to the existing body of knowledge on community-based tourism and its impact on wellbeing. The perceived costs were found not significant in influencing the value co-creation process between tourists and community members in Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan, Borneo. However, overall findings found that community-based tourism in Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan, Borneo, has a positive impact on the wellbeing of the local community.
Keyword(s) : Community-Based Tourism; Value Co-Creation; Community-Based Tourism Subjective Wellbeing; Tourism Impact
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Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) has been established as a cultivation strategy that manipulates biocontrol mechanisms within the agriculture industry. However, a detailed understanding of PGPB in the local setting is still somewhat understudied. This consequently limits the commercial value of PGPB. The objectives of this research converge towards identifying plant growth-promoting compounds and studying the growth of plants following a treatment using two potential PGPBs that were previously isolated from local chili plant roots (strains A4 and A8). Three elements were identified in this study; indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The ability to produce IAA was quantified using Salkowski’s reagent. Additionally, the ability of both strains to grow on Pikovskaya’s agar and yeast extract agar describes the capacity for phosphate solubilization and biological nitrogen fixation, respectively. The influence of both strains in promoting chili plant growth was assessed from a pot treatment. Essentially, it was found that both strains showed positive results in the compound detection analysis. Furthermore, the treatment using PGPB on chili plants showed an increase of 62.9 % in height and 57.1 % in number of leaves. In conclusion, A4 and A8 were strongly recommended for PGPB.
Keyword(s) : Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB); plant growth-promoting compounds; Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA); phosphate solubilization; biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)
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Cultural tourism is based on collecting products classified as 'culture' offered in a destination area. Tourism products are one of the main attractions for tourists to travel to a place that produces or introduces tourism products. This study focuses on the potential of local food as a cultural heritage tourism product in introducing the identity of Bandar Maharani, Muar Johor. This paper explores the perceptions of local residents and tourists on local food. The existence of local food can attract tourists to try and taste the differences and uniqueness of the local food. The research was conducted in Bandar Maharani, Muar District. This study utilised qualitative and quantitative methods: observation and questionnaire surveys. Probability sampling in the form of a random sample was employed. The data analysis utilised the SPSS software. The findings lead to recommendations for improvements in tourism development in Bandar Maharani, such as promoting local food through social media and upgrading tourism facilities around Bandar Maharani. This study can also help the local authority plan and boost the tourism sector in Bandar Maharani, Muar, Johor.
Keyword(s) : local food; tourism product; cultural and heritage tourism
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Antibiotic use may hasten the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria, posing health concerns to humans and animals alike. The emergence of ARGs in aquatic ecosystems is becoming a growing problem around the world. Hundreds of different ARGs encoding antibiotic resistance have been discovered in bacteria found in sewage, effluent treatment facilities, surface water, groundwater, and even drinking water. Antibiotic resistance genes can be transmitted from one cell to another by conjugation, transformation, or transduction. This gene exchange allows resistance to spread quickly within a bacterial community and between various species of bacteria. This is more so in an ideal environment such as aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this article is to review the presence of ARGs in various aquatic ecosystems and how this will affect humans. Based on 30 selected studies in the last five years (2017-2022), we notice that ARGs can be found in various aquatic ecosystems, including surface water, wastewater, and plastic and microplastic debris found in these ecosystems. There are some studies showing ARGs are directly affecting humans, but there are also many ongoing efforts and technologies to reduce ARGs in aquatic ecosystems. From the discussion, we conclude that antibiotic resistance genes can thrive in various aquatic ecosystems, which offer an ideal environment for their replication. Although aimed at reducing pollutants in the environment, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as potential hubs for the spread of antibiotic resistance determinants into aquatic ecosystems, showing the importance of continuous monitoring and finding solutions.
Keyword(s) : Antibiotic resistance genes (ARG); antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB); microplastics; aquatic ecosystems; antibiotics
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The paper discusses some definitions of indigenous people, looking into some elements that characterise the concept of “indigenous”. It needs to be mentioned that the focus of this paper is specifically from a legal perspective. The concept and definitions of “indigenous or native” are understood in the light of the legal framework. Hence, it looks into statutory definitions as found in the Federal Constitution as well as in the local constitutions and legislations of Sabah and Sarawak. The aim of the paper is to discuss how a native status is established in the context of the existing local legislation and judicial argumentation, particularly native land ownership and political implications involving native status identification based on local legislation and judicial interpretations. Ethnic identity in the two states is rather ambiguous and complex in East Malaysia in particular. The meanings and implications of ethnic identities in legal aspects might change subject to social, economic, and political situations. The concept of ethnic identity does not have to do purely with being born of ethnic origin. In fact, in some cases, ethnic identity can be situational in nature as “…it could be learned, cultivated and embraced over a period of time.
Keyword(s) : indigenous; native; statutory; legislation; federal constitution
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